生活型

tree-shrub

形態特徵

• Shrubs or large trees, deciduous; tree up to 15 m high, 1.2 m across; bark brownish, glabrous while young; branchlets dark-brown, sparsely gray-white-hairy, soon becoming glabrous, with white lenticels; winter buds, ovoid, dark-brown, sparsely hairy, soon.
• Leaves alternate, narrowly-oblong to broadly lanceolate, 7.7–19.5 cm long, 3–5 cm wide, acuminate or acute at apex, rounded or subcordate and often somewhat oblique at base, echinate-serrate or crenate-serrate, pubescent beneath at least while young or nearly glabrous or pubescent only on the veins, with small lepidote-glands below, lateral veins 13–26 pairs; petioles 0.5–1.9 cm long; stipules long-triangular with serrulate margins, soon deciduous.
• Inflorescence a catkin, about 8–26 cm long; flowers fragrant. Staminate flowers yellowish-white; perianth 5–6-cleft, 2 mm long, 3 mm wide, the lobes elliptic, nearly glabrous except central parts outside, tomentose inside; stamens 10–12, filaments 5–6 mm long, glabrous, anthers 0.4 mm long, 0.2 mm wide, glabrous; reduced ovaries, 3–4, 0.8 mm long, 0.3 mm wide, densely long-hairy. Involucre 4–5 mm long, 5–7 mm wide, 2–3 clustered at base of staminate inflorescence, scales of involucre lanceolate to broadly triangular; pistillate flowers 3, clustered in one involucre, 6 mm long, 2 mm wide; perianth 6-cleft, ovate, 1.5 mm long, 2 mm wide; ovary 4–6-celled, 1 mm long, 0.6 mm wide, styles 4–9, very long, cylindric, stigmas pointed.
• Fruit compressed, glabrous, 5 cm long, 8 cm broad, 4 cm thick; cupules usually 4-lobed, dehiscent; spines of involucre branched, 1–1.5 cm long, somewhat hairy;nuts 2–3, rarely up to 5, enclosed in one cupule, 1.8–2.8 cm long, 2–3 cm wide, 1.5–2.2 cm thick, usually broader than high, deep-brown, lustrous; cotyledons remaining in the nut at germination.

物候

Flowering from June to July; fruits maturing from October to November.

分布

• 台灣 : cultivated in Chitung, Hsinchu; Wushe and Meiyuen near Puli, Tatsupan near Chiayi; Shienpin, Liukuei, Kaohsiung, etc. from sea level to 2,600 m altitude.
• 世界 : Japan, Korea and mainland China.

引證標本

CHIAYI: Tatsupan, Tomiya 25. NANTOU: Wushe, Liao 40; Meiyuen, Puli, Liao 11403. KAOHSIUNG: Shienpin, Liukuei, Yang 60, Liao 39.

參考文獻

• LIAO, JIH-CHING. 1996. Flora of Taiwan, second edition 2: 52. (Fl. Taiwan 2nd edit.)