Viola 堇菜屬
型態特徵
Perennial herb. Leaves alternate, petiolate; blade suborbicular to linear-lanceolate, the margin serrate to crenate; stipules free or adnate to petiole, persistent, usually fimbriate or serrate, sometimes nearly entire. Flowers axillary, bisexual, zygomorphic, solitary, with a pair of bracteoles in the half of the peduncles; sepals 5, nearly equal, entire to denticulate, with appendages at base, persistent; petals 5, unequal, the lower one spurred at base, the lateral pair often bearded inside; stamens 5, connivent around the gynoecium; anther 2-celled, subsessile, connective produced into an apical appendage, the lower two bearing appendages projecting into the spur; ovary 1-celled, glabrous or pubescent, ovules numerous, on 3-parietal placentas; style straight or geniculate at base, filiform to conspicously clavate, often lobed or more or less dilated at apex, with a openning of stigmatic cavity terminal or anterior and subterminal. Fruit a 3-valved capsule, globose to ellipsoidal; valves boat-shaped, usually with thick rigid keels. Seeds numerous, ovoid or ellipsoidal with crustaceous testa.
More than 400 species, chiefly in temperate regions throughout the world. 18 taxa and one doubtful species in Taiwan.
種列表
- Viola adenothrix 喜岩堇菜
- Viola adenothrix var. tsugitakaensis 雪山堇菜
- Viola affinis
- Viola altaica 阿爾泰堇菜
- Viola arcuata 如意草
- Viola arenaria
- Viola arvensis 野生堇菜
- Viola bellidifolia
- Viola betonicifolia 箭葉堇菜
- Viola biflora 雙黃花堇菜
- Viola boissieuana
- Viola canadensis
- Viola canina
- Viola canina × ririiana f. bjorueri
- Viola cheiranthifolia
- Viola chinensis
- Viola collina 球果堇菜
- Viola confusa 短毛堇菜
- Viola cucullata
- Viola diffusa 茶匙黃
- Viola dissecta var. eizanensis
- Viola fimbriatula
- Viola formosana 台灣堇菜
- Viola formosana var. stenopetala 川上氏堇菜
- Viola grypoceras 紫花堇菜
- Viola hirta 毛堇菜
- Viola inconspicua ssp. nagasakiensis 小堇菜
- Viola kwangtungensis 廣東堇菜
- Viola latiuscula
- Viola longistipulata
- Viola lutea 黃堇菜
- Viola mandshurica 紫花地丁
- Viola maximowicziana f. rubescens
- Viola mirabilis 美麗堇菜
- Viola montana
- Viola nagasawai 台北堇菜
- Viola nagasawai var. pricei 普萊氏堇菜
- Viola nantouensis 南投堇菜
- Viola neomexicana
- Viola nephrophylla
- Viola nipponica
- Viola nuttallii
- Viola obtusa var. tsuifengensis 翠峰堇菜
- Viola odorata 香堇菜
- Viola ovato-oblonga
- Viola palustris
- Viola papilionacea
- Viola patrinii
- Viola patrinii var. angustifolia
- Viola pedata
- Viola pedunculata
- Viola pratincola
- Viola pubescens
- Viola riviniana
- Viola rugulosa
- Viola rupestris 石生堇菜
- Viola sagittata
- Viola sciaphila
- Viola scopulorum
- Viola semilunaris
- Viola senzanensis 尖山堇菜
- Viola serpens
- Viola shikokiana
- Viola shinchikuensis 新竹堇菜
- Viola silvestris
- Viola sororia
- Viola sp.
- Viola stagnina
- Viola sylvestris
- Viola tenuis 心葉茶匙黃
- Viola tricolor 三色堇
- Viola vallicola
- Viola verecunda var. typica
- Viola violacea
