特徵描述
作者
LI, HUI-LIN and LO, HANN-CHUNG
型態特徵
Erect or prostrate, rarely scandent, herbs or shrubs, or trees (sometimes deciduous), with stellate hairs or scales, occasionally (partly) aculeate, without milky latex. Trees usually with prominent plank buttresses, crown generally with only a small number of orders of branching. Leaves spirally arranged or distichous, occasionally subopposite, simple, rarelypalmately compound, usually lepidote- or stellate-hairy, mostly pinnately nerved above basal nervation, very rarely entirely pinnately nerved; stalk often long and kneed; stipules free, mostly caducous. Flowers small to medium in size, in axils of leaves or fallen leaves, extra axillary (not rarely leaf opposed), cauliflorous, ramiflorous or terminal, mostly in cymes (very often combined into aggregates), clusters, heads, racemes, spikes, umbels, panicles or corymbs, sometimes solitary or boragoid, mostly dichlamydeous, actinomorphic (to zygomorphic), mostly bisexual, or by abortion unisexual, monoecious or polygamo-monoecious, subtended by bracts and/or bracteoles, or not so (bracts sometimes forming an epicalyx); receptacle usually not enlarged, sometimes forming a gynandrophore; disk present or absent; calyx connate, rarely almost free, occasionally bilabiate; lobes 3–8, often 5, rarely 2, valvate; petals free or basally adnate to androecium, 5 or 0, not rarely (partly)reduced, or asymmetric, (sinistrorsely or dextrorsely) contorted, sometimes clawed; androecium extraordinarily variable in structure; stamens 2-seriate, (4-)5, 10, 15-many, usually the oppositisepalous ones (rarely the oppostipetalous ones) fertile; filamens mostly obvious, free or usually fascicled (fascicles 1 to several, each bearing one or several stalked or sessile anthers; degree of concrescence of filaments different, upper margin of variable structure), androphore sometimes present; anthers 2–3-celled; cells sometimes confluent, mostly longitudinally dehiscent, rarely poricidal; staminodes absent or present, sometimes petaloid, occasionally a few together; gynoecium syncarp to apocarp (carpels entirely free, each with distinct style, to entirely connate, with 1 style; in intermediate cases the carpels are shortly basally connate, or free as is lower part of style; upper part of style, however, connate), sessile or sometimes on a stalk which may be fused to stamen column (androgynophore), ovary superior, in staminate flower reduced, 1–5(–12)-celled; ovules 2-many, rarely 1 in each cell; placenta axile; styles 1–6, free to connate; heterostyly observed; stigma entire, radiate or penicillate; pistillode present or absent; fruit various, dehiscent or indehiscent, dry or fleshy, mostly woody or coriaceous, smooth orarmed, mostly capsular (loculicidally, sometimes septicidally 5) valved, rarely combination of both modes), drupaceous or the carpels splitting into sessile or stalked, dehiscent or indehiscent, sometimes samaroid mericarps, 1-several-celled; seeds 1-many, alate or exalate; embryo curved or straight; sarcotesta sometimes present; endosperm copious or scanty or 0.
屬
About 60 genera, up to 1,000 species, widespread in the tropics and subtropics, rare in temperate regions.
參考文獻
Heritiera 銀葉樹屬
作者
LI, HUI-LIN and LO, HANN-CHUNG
型態特徵
Inermous trees, bole tall, straight, with short or tall buttresses; bark greyish to reddish brown, shallow fissured andscaly to dippled; twigs usually slender, round, usually with prominently raised leaf scars, often with a tomentum of clustered or stellate hairs and peltate scales. Leaves spirally arranged, simple or digitately compound, coriaceous, densely silvery scaley or stellately pubescent beneath, palmately or pinnately nerved, secondary nerves prominent beneath, tertiary nerves usually ladder-like; petioles generally swollen at both ends; stipules subulate, small, caducous. Flowers subterminal and axillary, in much branched small panicles, unisexual and monoecious, small; calyx connate, more or less bell-shaped, 4–5(–6)-dentate; corolla absent; disk absent or present; receptacle raised to (very) short or long gynandrophore; staminate flower: gynandrophore bearing a subapical ring of 4–20 anthers, surrounding strongly reduced carpels; anther cells 2, parallel; pistilate flower: less numerous, larger than staminate ones; gynandrophore bearing just below apex 4–20 minute, empty anthers surrounding 4–5(–6) minute, sessile, laterally compressed, glabrous or slightly hairy carpels, each with 2 ovules; styles free, recurved, short; fruits 2–5, free, each indehisent nut, ellipsoid to globose with woody inner wall, wingless or with a ridge or keel to distinctly winged on one side (a samara), 1-seeded; seeds with or without endosperm; sarcotesta present in H. littoralis.
