特徵描述
作者
HSU, Chien-Chang
型態特徵
Annuals or perennials herbs, rather rarely with woody perennials culms (subfamily Bambusoideae); hollow or solid, septate at nodes. Perennials herbs or their branches at base usually with scales (cataphylls, transformed leaf sheaths). Leaves two-ranked, consisting of a sheath, ligule, and a blade. Axillary buds when grown out into a branch provided with a usually 2-nerved bract (prophyll) between branch and culm. Leaf blade mostly linear and not petiolate at base, rarely with broad blades and stipitate (pseudo-petiole) at base (especially in Bambusoideae); ligules membranaceous or ciliate, rarely lacking (Echinochloa), margins of sheath of leaf connate at least at base. Inflorescences usually terminal, primarily paniculate, but secondarily extremely variable and transformed into racemes, spikes, digitate umbels, etc. Flowering unit (spikelet) usually with 2 bracteoles (glumes) at base; base occasionally with an obconical blunt to very acute thickening (callus). Flowers alternatingly along a central axis (rachilla) supported by a bract (lemma) and a prophyll (palea), bisexual or occasionally unisexual. Lemma and palea when falling as a unit clasping fruit at base often with an obconical blunt to very acute thickening (also called callus). Perianth usually composed of 2 or 3 minute scales (lodicules), rarely 6, sometimes absent (e.g. in sterile or female florets). Stamens usually 3, sometimes 6 (Bambusoideae), or 1 or 2; filaments filiform; anthers 2-locular. Pistil 1, superior; ovary and single anatropous ovule completely adnate; styles 2 or 3, apical or subapical, stigmas plumose. Caryopsis with rich endosperm; embryo basal, abaxial (facing lemma), opposite to punctiform to linear adaxial hilum (facing palea).
屬
The Gramineae are one of the largest families of vascular plants with an estimated 620 genera and 10,000 species. Keng (1965) reported 201 genera and 775 species for mainland China. Hsu (1974) treated 5 subfamilies (excluding Bambusoideae), 27 tribes, 118 genera, 289 species, 1 subspecies, 39 varieties, and 8 forms in Taiwan.
The following arrangement of subfamilies, tribes and genera is that of Hsu (1978) with very few modifications. The descriptions of most genera are unchanged in this edition except that genera of the subfamily Pooideae (Festucoideae) which was mostly adopted from Clayton and Renvoize (1986). Some critical remarks were provided by Dr. J. F. Veldkamp, National Herbarium of the Netherlands, Leiden. Some line-drawings of Paniceae were drawed by Y. Fujimoto, Botanical Institute of Fujimoto, Kobe, Japan.
參考文獻
- HSU, Chien-Chang, Flora of Taiwan, second edition 5: 318. 2000. (Fl. Taiwan 2nd edit.)
- Clayton, W. D. and Renvoize, S. A., Her Majestys Stationary Office. London . 1986.
- Hsu, C. C., Taiwan Prov. Educ. Assoc. Taipei . 1975.
- Hsu, C. C., Flora of Taiwan 5: 373-783. 1978. (Fl. Taiwan)
- Koyama, T., Kodansha Ltd. Tokyo . 1987.
- Kuo, P. C., Flora Reipublicae Popularis Sinicae 9(3): . 1987. (Fl. Reip. Pop. Sin.)
- Osada, T., . 1993.
- Watson, L. and Dallwitz, M. J., CAB International, Wallingford . 1992.
Hackelochloa 亥氏草屬
作者
HSU, Chien-Chang
型態特徵
Annuals; culms solid, glabrous or with sparse, long, sharp, tubercle-based hairs. Ligule short, ciliate; blades linear or linear-lanceolate, with long tubercle-based hairs beneath or on both sides; inflorescence a pedunculate raceme. Spikelets small, in alternating pairs along rachis of small, spike-like, pedunculate racemes, subtended by a spathe-like leaf, pairs of spikelets dorsiventrally arranged, uppermost joint of raceme with 1 sessile and 2 pedicellate spikelets; pedicels totally fused with adjacent joint of rachis, together forming a cavity. Sessile spikelets globose or elliptic, with swollen, smooth or finely tuberculate, glabrous base, muticuous; lower glume abaxial, globose-convex, prominently tessellateribbed, finely tuberculate, hard, with margins pressed against rachis, blackish brown at maturity, upper glume shorter and narrower, convex, sunken into a cavity of and partially fused with rachis, elliptic, rather hard, 1-nerved, x keel thickened at apex; lower lemma rather strongly convex, 3-nerved, marginal nerves easily separating from central part, glabrous; lower palea wanting; upper lemma and palea smaller, hyaline, oval, obtuse, nerveless; lodicules 2, cuneate; stamens 3, anthers small, with 2-fid base and apex; styles 2, rather short, stigmas short, apically exserted together with stamens. Caryopsis broadly elliptic. Pedicelate spikelets strikingly different from sessile, ovate, flat or faintly convex, not blackish brown at maturity, upper ones often reduced; lower glume as long as spikelet, ovate, rather acute, with flat or faintly convex dorsally, finely tuerculate, nerves 4-6, marginal nerves prominent; upper glume equally long, strongly obtuse, thin, glabrous, 2-nerved; upper lemma and palea ovate, acutish, nerveless. Lemmas, upper palea and stamens of neuter spikelets all or partly abortive.
