特徵描述
作者
HSU, Chien-Chang
型態特徵
Annuals or perennials herbs, rather rarely with woody perennials culms (subfamily Bambusoideae); hollow or solid, septate at nodes. Perennials herbs or their branches at base usually with scales (cataphylls, transformed leaf sheaths). Leaves two-ranked, consisting of a sheath, ligule, and a blade. Axillary buds when grown out into a branch provided with a usually 2-nerved bract (prophyll) between branch and culm. Leaf blade mostly linear and not petiolate at base, rarely with broad blades and stipitate (pseudo-petiole) at base (especially in Bambusoideae); ligules membranaceous or ciliate, rarely lacking (Echinochloa), margins of sheath of leaf connate at least at base. Inflorescences usually terminal, primarily paniculate, but secondarily extremely variable and transformed into racemes, spikes, digitate umbels, etc. Flowering unit (spikelet) usually with 2 bracteoles (glumes) at base; base occasionally with an obconical blunt to very acute thickening (callus). Flowers alternatingly along a central axis (rachilla) supported by a bract (lemma) and a prophyll (palea), bisexual or occasionally unisexual. Lemma and palea when falling as a unit clasping fruit at base often with an obconical blunt to very acute thickening (also called callus). Perianth usually composed of 2 or 3 minute scales (lodicules), rarely 6, sometimes absent (e.g. in sterile or female florets). Stamens usually 3, sometimes 6 (Bambusoideae), or 1 or 2; filaments filiform; anthers 2-locular. Pistil 1, superior; ovary and single anatropous ovule completely adnate; styles 2 or 3, apical or subapical, stigmas plumose. Caryopsis with rich endosperm; embryo basal, abaxial (facing lemma), opposite to punctiform to linear adaxial hilum (facing palea).
屬
The Gramineae are one of the largest families of vascular plants with an estimated 620 genera and 10,000 species. Keng (1965) reported 201 genera and 775 species for mainland China. Hsu (1974) treated 5 subfamilies (excluding Bambusoideae), 27 tribes, 118 genera, 289 species, 1 subspecies, 39 varieties, and 8 forms in Taiwan.
The following arrangement of subfamilies, tribes and genera is that of Hsu (1978) with very few modifications. The descriptions of most genera are unchanged in this edition except that genera of the subfamily Pooideae (Festucoideae) which was mostly adopted from Clayton and Renvoize (1986). Some critical remarks were provided by Dr. J. F. Veldkamp, National Herbarium of the Netherlands, Leiden. Some line-drawings of Paniceae were drawed by Y. Fujimoto, Botanical Institute of Fujimoto, Kobe, Japan.
參考文獻
- HSU, Chien-Chang, Flora of Taiwan, second edition 5: 318. 2000. (Fl. Taiwan 2nd edit.)
- Clayton, W. D. and Renvoize, S. A., Her Majestys Stationary Office. London . 1986.
- Hsu, C. C., Taiwan Prov. Educ. Assoc. Taipei . 1975.
- Hsu, C. C., Flora of Taiwan 5: 373-783. 1978. (Fl. Taiwan)
- Koyama, T., Kodansha Ltd. Tokyo . 1987.
- Kuo, P. C., Flora Reipublicae Popularis Sinicae 9(3): . 1987. (Fl. Reip. Pop. Sin.)
- Osada, T., . 1993.
- Watson, L. and Dallwitz, M. J., CAB International, Wallingford . 1992.
Bothriochloa 孔穎草屬
作者
HSU, Chien-Chang
型態特徵
Perennials; culms solid, tufted, without stolons. Leaf blade with inrolled margins when in bud; sheath of leaf keeled or rounded abaxially, with tubercle-based hairs, especially on nodes and often at mouth; ligule short, truncate, ciliate or glabrous; blades linear, glabrous or sparingly hairy, margins revolute when dry. Inflorescence of spike-like racemes with articulate rachis, central axis branched, racemes digitately or racemosely arranged, or combined into panicles. Spikelets in alternate pairs, one pedicelate, other sessile; spikelets dorsiventrally arranged, uppermost pair forming a triad with terminal spikelet; rachis of racemes and also pedicels with translucent longitudinal groove, hairy throughout, or partly so along edges; spikelets lanceolate, dorsally compressed, often with 1 or more depressions or pits, aromatic. Sessile spikelet with fascicle of hairs at base, falling together with adjacent joint of rachis and pedicel; glume herbaceous, lower glume as long as spikelet, smooth or with 1 or more depressions and/or pits, 7-11-nerved; upper glume equally long or somewhat shorter, boat shaped, keeled, hyaline, 3-nerved; lemmas and paleas thin; lower lemma shorter than lower glume, nerveless; lower palea absent; upper lemma of geniculate awn with hyaline stipe-like base; upper palea small or absent; lodicules 2; stamens 3; ovary glabrous, styles 2, stigmas plumose, exserted laterally. Caryopsis oblong, obtuse, dorsally compressed, side of hilum flat, side of embryo convex; embryo usually half as long as caryopsis. Pedicelate spikelet resembling sessile spikelet, but muticous and staminate or neuter, often without pits; upper lemma and palea absent; stamens 3-0.
