Cyperaceae
莎草科
特徵描述
作者
KOYAMA, Tetsuo, KUOH, Chang-Sheng & LEONG, Wai-Chao
型態特徵
Perennial or annual herbs, grass-like or rush-like, rarely with elongated woody caudices. Culms generally trigonous and solid. Leaves radical and/or cauline; blade linear or lanceolate-elliptic, sheathing at base, occasionally reduced to nearly bladeless sheaths; ligules present or absent; abaxial side of leaf sheaths sometimes projected beyond sheath orifice forming a tongue-like appendage (contraligule). Inflorescences various, mostly corymbose, paniculate, spicate, racemose or heads, subtended by leafy bracts, bearing 1 to numerous spikelets. Spikelets with few to many glumes; glumes imbricate or 2-ranked on a simple axis (rachilla); all or some glumes bearing an axillary flower or at times a bisexual cymule in axil, or rarely rachilla determinate with a single terminal pistillate flower and spikelet bearing 0-few small staminate partial spikelets in axils of some glumes. Flowers hermaphroditic or unisexual, without perianth or perianth of 3-many bristles or scaly segments. Stamens generally 1-3. Pistil bi- or tri-carpellate; styles 2- or 3-(rarely to 8-) fid at apex; ovary unilocular, with a single anatropous ovule; fruit an achene.
屬
A family of more than 5,000 species in 70-120 genera, distributed throughout the world under all ecological conditions, with the highest generic concentration in tropical South America. The family is divided into five tribes: Cariceae, Cypereae, Mapanieae, Rhynchosporeae and Sclerieae.
參考文獻
Schoenus 赤箭莎屬
作者
KOYAMA, Tetsuo, KUOH, Chang-Sheng & LEONG, Wai-Chao
型態特徵
Spikelets laterally flattened, usually lanceolate to lanceolate-oblong, at times more less falcate, bearing several glumes on a continuous flexuose rachilla, few-flowered. Glumes caducous, folded with 1-nerved keel, usually chartaceous, dark-colored with whitish margins, few basal glumes empty and much shorter than upper flower-bearing ones. Flowers bisexual, uppermost usually not achene-producing; perianth of to 6 hypogynous bristles; stamens as a rule 3; pistil trigynous. Achenes ellipsoid to obovoid, trigonous, rarely lenticular, wrinkled or reticulate; style not jointed at base, hardly enlarged at base; stigmas 3, rarely 2.
Perennials or rather rarely annuals; rhizomes sometimes creeping or knotty. Culms erect or with ascending base, rooting at nodes. Leaves radical or radical and cauline, with linear or setaceous blades sheathing at base, more rarely blades reduced and leaves becoming subaphyllous. Inflorescences paniculate or somewhat racemose with several distant fascicles of spikelet-bearing branches, those subtended by leafy bracts, rarely whole inflorescence congested in a head-like cluster.
Type species. Schoenus nigricans L. Over 85 species, mostly in Oceania and southeastern Asia, a few species in Europe and Americas.
