Cyperaceae
莎草科
特徵描述
作者
KOYAMA, Tetsuo, KUOH, Chang-Sheng & LEONG, Wai-Chao
型態特徵
Perennial or annual herbs, grass-like or rush-like, rarely with elongated woody caudices. Culms generally trigonous and solid. Leaves radical and/or cauline; blade linear or lanceolate-elliptic, sheathing at base, occasionally reduced to nearly bladeless sheaths; ligules present or absent; abaxial side of leaf sheaths sometimes projected beyond sheath orifice forming a tongue-like appendage (contraligule). Inflorescences various, mostly corymbose, paniculate, spicate, racemose or heads, subtended by leafy bracts, bearing 1 to numerous spikelets. Spikelets with few to many glumes; glumes imbricate or 2-ranked on a simple axis (rachilla); all or some glumes bearing an axillary flower or at times a bisexual cymule in axil, or rarely rachilla determinate with a single terminal pistillate flower and spikelet bearing 0-few small staminate partial spikelets in axils of some glumes. Flowers hermaphroditic or unisexual, without perianth or perianth of 3-many bristles or scaly segments. Stamens generally 1-3. Pistil bi- or tri-carpellate; styles 2- or 3-(rarely to 8-) fid at apex; ovary unilocular, with a single anatropous ovule; fruit an achene.
屬
A family of more than 5,000 species in 70-120 genera, distributed throughout the world under all ecological conditions, with the highest generic concentration in tropical South America. The family is divided into five tribes: Cariceae, Cypereae, Mapanieae, Rhynchosporeae and Sclerieae.
參考文獻
Rhynchospora 刺子莞屬
作者
KOYAMA, Tetsuo, KUOH, Chang-Sheng & LEONG, Wai-Chao
型態特徵
Perennial or sometimes annual sedges of varying size. Culms central, scape-like to nodose and leaved at nodes. Leaves basal and/or cauline; blades linear rarely lanceolate, folded or flat with 1-3 costas, or canaliculate without distinct costa; sheaths closed with ligule. Inflorescences of varying types, mostly consisting of terminal and lateral corymbs or panicles, sometimes with few to many heads disposed in corymbs, spikes or panicles, rather often whole inflorescence reduced to a single terminal head. Spikelets lanceolate, ovate or elliptic, slightly bilaterally compressed or terete. Glumes few to many, distichously disposed or imbricate on a continuous axis, membranaceous to chartaceous, 1-nerved, brown or white; basal 1 to few empty and much smaller than flower-bearing ones; middle 1 to several bearing a unisexual or hermaphrodite flower at axil, all or part of these fruit-bearing; upper glumes hyaline narrower and longer than fruit-bearing ones, staminate with or without abortive pistil; distal glumes much reduced. Hypogynous bristles 0-6, rarely more than 6, upwardly or retrorsely scabrous, rarely smooth. Stamens 2 or 3. Achenes lenticular, smooth, cancellated, spinose, or sometimes becoming conave convexed with strongly incurved margins; style-base spongy-thickened, mostly conical, rarely lunate, truncate or more or less lobed at base; style slender, 2-cleft (2-stigmas) or undivided.
Type species. Rhynchospora alba (L.) Vahl. About 250 species in all world, with a great concentration of species in tropical and subtropical regions North and South America.
