Compositae

菊科

APG 4

Asteraceae 菊科

特徵描述

屬列表

標本列表

特徵描述

作者

PENG, Ching-I, CHUNG, Kuo-Fang & LI, Hui-Lin

型態特徵

Herbs or shrubs, rarely trees, sap sometimes milky. Leaves alternate or opposite, rarely whorled, simple or pinnately lobed or divided, estipulate. Flowers 1 to many, arranged in heads, heads solitary or variously arranged into synflorescences. Receptacle variously shaped, either glabrous, setose, or paleaceous, subtended by an involucre of one or more series of bracts (phyllaries). Florets bisexual or unisexual, occasionally neutral. Calyx represented by a pappus of diverse forms or seemingly absent. Corolla gamopetalous, tubular or discoid with 4 or 5 equal teeth or lobes or 2–5 lobes fused and elongate and forming a 2–5 toothed limb or ligule, or corolla bilabiate. Stamens 5, epipetalous, filaments distinct, anthers introrse, connate and forming a tube around style, apex usually appendaged, base often caudate or sagittate. Pistil 1, ovary inferior, 1-celled; style simple, slender, usually bifid; ovule solitary, anatropous. Fruit an achene, often crowned with a setose, paleaceous, or plumose pappus. Endosperm absent.

屬

One of the largest families of flowering plants comprising about 1,535 genera and about 23,000 species, cosmopolitan. About 84 genera and 221 species, plus 20 additional infraspecific taxa in Taiwan.

參考文獻

PENG, Ching-I & CHUNG, Kuo-Fang; LI, Hui-Lin, Flora of Taiwan, second edition 4: 807. 1998. (Fl. Taiwan 2nd edit.)
Bremer, K, Timber Press, Portland 752. 1994.
Cronquist, S, American Midland Naturalist 53: 478-511. 1955. (Amer. Midl. Naturalist)
Cronquist, S, Vascular Flora of the Southern United States. University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill 1: 3-261. 1980.
Hoffmann, O, Die natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien. IV 5: 87-391. 1894.
Iwatsuki, K., T. Yamazaki, D. E. Boufford & H. Ohba, Flora of Japan. Vol. 3(b)-Angiospermae, Dicotyledoneae, Sympetalae(b). Kodansha Ltd., Tokyo, 181 pp . 1995.
Kitamura, S, Mem. Coll. Sci. Kyoto Imp. Univ., Ser. B, Biol 13: 1-421. 1937.
Kitamura, S, Pars secunda. Mem. Coll. Sci. Kyoto Imp. Univ., Ser. B, Biol 15(3): 285-446. 1940.
Kitamura, S, Pars tertia. Mem. Coll. Sci. Kyoto Imp. Univ., Ser. B, Biol 16(3): 155-292. 1942.
Kitamura, S, Pars quarta. Mem. Coll. Sci. Kyoto Imp. Univ., Ser. B, Biol 22(1): 77-126. 1955.
Kitamura, S, Pars quinta. Mem. Coll. Sci. Kyoto Imp. Univ., Ser. B, Biol 23(1): 105-168. 1956.
Kitamura, S, Pars sexta. Mem. Coll. Sci. Kyoto Imp. Univ., Ser. B, Biol 24(1): 1-79. 1957.
Ling, Y. & C. Shih (eds.), Fl. Reipubl. Popul. Sin 76(1): . 1983.
Ling, Y. & C. Shih (eds.), Fl. Reipubl. Popul. Sin 80(1): . 1983.
Peng, C.-I & C. C. Hsu, Bot. Bull. Acad. Sin 19: 53-56. 1978.
Ling, Y. & S. W. Liu (eds.), Fl. Reipubl. Popul. Sin 78(1): . 1987.
Ling, Y. & S. W. Liu (eds.), Fl. Reipubl. Popul. Sin 77(2): . 1989.
Ling, Y. & Y. L. Chen (eds.), Fl. Reipubl. Popul. Sin 74: . 1985.
Ling, Y. & Y. R. Ling (eds.), Fl. Reipubl. Popul. Sin 76(2): . 1991.
Ling, Y. (ed.), Fl. Reipubl. Popul. Sin 75: . 1979.
Tseng, Y. C. (ed.), Fl. Reipubl. Popul. Sin 79: . 1996.

Lapsanastrum 稻搓菜屬

作者

PENG, Ching-I, CHUNG, Kuo-Fang & LI, Hui-Lin

型態特徵

Annual or biennial herbs, stems scapiform. Radical leaves rosulate, oblanceolate, lyrate-pinnatifid; cauline leaves few, minute. Heads small, in lax corymbs. Involucral bracts in 2 unequal series, outer calyculate; inner ones spreading at maturity of achenes. Flowers yellow. Achenes oblong, terete, without a beak, minutely pilose, 10–13 ribbed, costa unequal. Pappus wanting. Basic chromosome number, x = 8.

Recent cladistic analyses (Pak & Bremer, 1995) reveal that the genus Lapsana is polyphyletic. The mainly European (but secondarily widespread) Lapsana communis L., the type of the genus, is more closely related to other members of the tribe Lactuceae than to the eastern Asian species that were formerly placed in the genus Lapsana. We follow Pak & Bremer who redefined Lapsana and transferred the eastern Asian species to Lapsanastrum.