特徵描述
作者
LIU, TANG-SHUI and KAO, MUH-TSUEN
型態特徵
Erect, prostrate or scandent annual or perennial herbs, rarely undershrubs. Leaves alternate or opposite, simple, entire or obsoletely serrate-dentate, extipulate. Flowers small, greenish, white, pink, rarely yellow, actinomorphic, usually bisexual, in spikes, heads, racemes or panicles; bracts and bracteoles often scarious, the bracteoles sometimes hooked; perianth segments 3–5, free or nearly so, imbricate, more or less dry and membranaceous, mostly falling with fruit, rarely persistent; stamens as many as and opposite the perianth segments, hypogynous, filaments usually united at base into a cup or tube, often with staminodes between them, anthers 1 or 2-celled; ovary of 2 or 3 united carpels, superior, 1-celled, with 1 to many ovules on a basal funicle, the style present or not, stigma capitate or 2 or 3-fid. Fruit mostly an utricle or a circumscissile capsule, rarely a berry or drupe; seeds often lenticular, smooth; embryo annular, surrounding the mealy endosperm.
屬
Genera about 64, with about 800 species mainly in the tropical regions of the world; nine genera with 19 species, including some introduced ones, in Taiwan.
參考文獻
Pupalia 鉤牛膝屬
作者
Sheng-Zehn Yang and Chien-Fan Chen
型態特徵
Annual or perennial herbs, sometimes woody at the base. Leaves opposite, entire. Inflorescence terminal or axillary, spiciform; bracteate, sustending lateral clusters of one or more central fertile hermaphrodite flowers and a pair of modified lateral flowers formed of 3 or more hooked spines; spines rapidly accrescent and grouped in clusters of mostly 5–10 on short stalks on a common peduncle, exceed perianth; bracts persistent, deflexed; perianth segments 5, free, pilose; stamens 5, filaments rather solid and fused at the base into a fleshy, disk-like cup; pseudostaminodes absent; ovary uniovulate, narrow; style slender, stigma capitate. Fruit an irregularly rupturing thin-walled utricle, oblong-obovoid, subcompressed.
